Features, additional features of C++11, C++14, and C++17,
Evolution of
Modern C++
Before C++11, C++ was
powerful, but:
- Very
verbose
- Manual
memory management
- Poor
multithreading support
- Difficult
generic programming
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C++11 (Major Revolution Release)
FEATURES
1. Auto Keyword (Type Inference)
- The compiler automatically detects variable type
- Reduces
code length and errors
2. Range-Based For Loop
- Simplifies
iteration over arrays and containers
3. Lambda Expressions
- Anonymous
inline functions
- Used
heavily in STL algorithms
Syntax:
[capture](parameters){ body };
4. nullptr
- Replaces
NULL
- Type-safe
null pointer
5. Smart Pointers
- Automatic
memory management
- Prevents
memory leaks
Types:
- unique_ptr
- shared_ptr
- weak_ptr
6. Move Semantics & rvalue
References
- Improves
performance
- Avoids
unnecessary deep copies
7. Multithreading Support
- First
time C++ officially supported threads
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF C++11
- constexpr
- static_assert
- enum
class
- override
and final
- Uniform
Initialization { }
- Variadic
templates
DRAWBACKS OF C++11
Complex syntax for beginners
Long compile times
Lambda expressions are difficult initially
Multithreading is low-level (manual
synchronization)
FEATURES OF C++14
1. Improved Auto (Return Type
Deduction)
- No
need to specify return type explicitly
2. Generic Lambdas
- Lambda
parameters can use auto
3. Relaxed constexpr
- constexpr
functions can contain loops and conditions
4. Binary Literals
---------------------------
ADDITIONAL
FEATURES OF C++14
- make_unique
- Better
STL performance
- Deprecated
warnings
- Cleaner
template syntax
DRAWBACKS OF C++14
Mostly incremental, not
revolutionary
Still complex templates
Debugging lambdas is still hard
FEATURES OF C++17
1. Structured Bindings
- Decompose
tuples, pairs, structs
2. If with Initialization
- Variable
scope limited to if/else
3. std::optional
- Represents an optional value (safe alternative to NULL)
4. std::variant
- Type-safe
union
5. std::filesystem
- File
and directory operations
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDITIONAL
FEATURES OF C++17
- std::any
- Parallel
STL algorithms
- Fold
expressions
- Guaranteed
copy elision
- Better
compile-time programming
DRAWBACKS OF C++17
Requires a modern compiler
Larger binaries
Advanced features increase the learning
curve
Overuse of abstractions can reduce readability
COMPARATIVE
SUMMARY (For Exams)
|
Version |
Focus |
Major Benefit |
|
C++11 |
Modern foundation |
Speed, safety, threads |
|
C++14 |
Refinement |
Cleaner syntax |
|
C++17 |
Productivity |
Readable, powerful STL |
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