Introduction to C++ Programming Language

 Introduction to C++ Programming Language

·       A general-purpose,

·       High-level programming languageà   widely used for system software, application software, embedded systems, and game development.

·       Extension of the C programming language .

·       Reusable and modular code.

·       Developed by bjarne stroustrup in 1979 at bell labs, american 

·       Originally named "c with classes".

·       Support both procedural programming and object-oriented programming (OOP),

 

Key Features of C++

1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):
2. Efficiency and Performance:
• Provide low-level control over system resources, memory management, and hardware,
• Use  for system-level programming, real-time applications, and high-performance software.
3. Multi-paradigm Language:
• Procedural programming:
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):
• Generic Programming:
4. Memory Management:
• By dynamic memory allocation using operators like new and delete.
5. Standard Template Library (STL):
• Provides a collection of template classes and functions, such as vectors, lists, maps, and queues.
• The STLà provides pre-written algorithms and data structures à perform common operations.
6. Portability:
• C++ is a portable languageà; programs writtenà on one machine and run on another machine with minimal modification.
7. Exception Handling:
• catch runtime errors and exceptions using try, catch, and throw keywordsà. This helps in building robust and error-tolerant applications.
8. Compatibility with C:
• compatible à  run C code and use C libraries.
9. Overloading and Overriding:
• Function Overloading:
• Operator Overloading:
• Method Overriding: use  virtual functionsà allowing subclasses to override methods in base classes.

10.  Classes and Objects:

11. Inheritance:
12. Polymorphism:
13. Encapsulation:
14. Abstraction:

 

Source Code: Basic C++ Program

#include <iostream>               // Include the input-output library

using namespace std;              // Use the standard namespace

 

// main function

int main() {

    int num1, num2, sum;          // Declare variables to store two numbers and their sum

 

    // Prompt the user for input

    cout << "Enter the first number: ";

    cin >> num1;  // Read the first number from the user

 

    cout << "Enter the second number: ";

    cin >> num2;  // Read the second number from the user

 

    // Perform addition

    sum = num1 + num2;

 

    // Display the result

    cout << "The sum of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << sum << "." << endl;

 

    return 0;  // End of the program

}

 Advantages of C++

1. High Performance:
2. Object-Oriented Features:
3. Rich Standard Library:
4. Cross-platform Development:
• C++ programs can be compiled and run on different platforms, ensuring portability.
5. Low-level Memory Access:

 Disadvantages of C++

1. Complex Syntax:
• Harder for beginners to learn.
2. Manual Memory Management:
• Improper memory managementà memory leaks and undefined behavior.
3. Steep Learning Curve:
• Due to its complexity and multi-paradigm nature (procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming), C++ can be difficult for beginners.

 Applications of C++

C++ is used in various fields, including:

• System software: Operating systems, compilers, and drivers.
• Game development: C++ is widely used for creating high-performance games.
• Embedded systems: Development of firmware and embedded software.
• Real-time systems: Systems requiring low-latency processing (e.g., robotics, telecommunications).
• Application software: For both large and small applications, including GUI-based applications.
• Financial applications: High-frequency trading platforms and simulations.

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