Character Set

·       Language supports à collection of characters àuse in the source code.

·       Use in the program for identifiers, literals, and other syntactical elements.

 

Divided into different categories, including:

1. Basic Source Character Set
2. Character Literals and Escape Sequences

 

1. Basic Source Character Set

Used in C++ source code.

The basic character set is made up of:

• Alphabetic Characters:
• Lowercase letters: a to z
• Uppercase letters: A to Z
• Digits:
• 0 to 9 (used in numeric literals)
• Whitespace Characters:
• Space (' '), tab ('\t'), newline ('\n'), carriage return ('\r'), vertical tab ('\v'), and form feed ('\f').
• Punctuation Characters:
• Operators and Delimiters: +, -, *, /, %, =, ++, --, <<, >>, &, |, ^, ~, !, ?, : (conditional), ,, ;, [], {}, (), . (dot).
• Brackets and Parentheses: {, }, [, ], (, ) (used in the structure of C++ code, such as for arrays, functions, etc.).
• Special Characters:
• #, \\, ', " (for comments, backslash, single and double quotes).
• Escape sequences, such as \\, \', \", \n, etc., are used in strings and character literals.

2. Character Literals and Escape Sequences

Individual characters enclosed in single quotes.

define variablesà to hold a single character.

• Character Literal: A single character enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'A', 'b', '1', '%'.
• Escape Sequences: Special characters represented by a backslash followed by another character, e.g.,:
• \n: Newline (line break).
• \t: Horizontal tab.
• \r: Carriage return.
• \\: Backslash.
• \': Single quote (used in character literals).
• \": Double quote (used in string literals).
• \0: Null character (end of string).
• \b: Backspace.
• \f: Form feed (page break).
• \v: Vertical tab.
• \uXXXX: Unicode escape sequence (4 hexadecimal digits).
• \UXXXXXXXX: Unicode escape sequence (8 hexadecimal digits).

 

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